Real-time maritime weather conditions including wind speed, wave height, barometric pressure and sea state — updated for the vessel's current position.
📡 Visitor Intel
Visitor intelligence panel — displays connection origin, language, timezone and maritime region context for site visitors.
🛰 Vessel & Fleet Analysis
Live AIS vessel tracking map — displays real-time positions of commercial vessels including cargo ships, tankers and bulk carriers operating in Korean and East Asian waters.
Computer Vision (CV) is one of the most rapidly advancing fields in AI, enabling machines to interpret and understand visual data from the world. This R&D roadmap covers the core algorithmic pillars — from CNN-based object detection (R-CNN, YOLO) to generative models (GAN variants) and deep learning-based 3D reconstruction — along with a curated list of R&D topics and practical study resources.
Key Terms
CV — Computer Vision
CNN — Convolutional Neural Network
R-CNN — Region-based CNN
YOLO — You Only Look Once
GAN — Generative Adversarial Network
cGAN — Conditional GAN
DCGAN — Deep Convolutional GAN
SfM — Structure from Motion
RGB — Red Green Blue color model
YUV — Luminance + Chrominance color model
Ⅰ. Overview
Computer Vision Pipeline
📷 Input Image
→
⚙️ Preprocessing
→
🔍 Feature Extraction (CNN)
→
🎯 Detection / Classification
→
📊 Output
👁️
Computer Vision
Enabling machines to interpret and understand visual information from images and video — object detection, tracking, recognition, and generation.
🖼️
Image Processing
Fundamental operations for transforming and analyzing digital images — filtering, enhancement, segmentation, and feature extraction.
Ⅱ. Background — RGB vs YUV
RGB Model
Represents color as a combination of Red, Green, Blue channels. Directly corresponds to display hardware. Most common format for image capture and rendering.
YUV Model
Separates luminance (Y) from chrominance (U, V). More efficient for compression and human visual system modeling — widely used in video codecs (H.264, H.265).
Ⅲ. Core Algorithms
📦 CNN — Convolutional Neural Networks
R-CNN CVPR 2014
Region proposals + CNN features. Accurate but slow — processes each region independently.
💡 핵심 원리: Selective Search로 ~2000개 region proposal 추출 → 각 영역을 CNN으로 개별 처리 → SVM 분류. 정확하지만 영역별 CNN 순전파가 반복되어 이미지당 47초 소요. CNN 기반 물체 탐지의 출발점입니다.
Shared CNN computation via RoI pooling. ~9× faster than R-CNN, end-to-end training.
💡 핵심 원리: 이미지 전체를 CNN에 한 번만 통과시켜 feature map 생성. RoI Pooling으로 각 proposal 영역의 feature를 고정 크기로 추출 → FC → 분류+박스 회귀를 동시 학습. R-CNN 대비 9배 빠르고 end-to-end 학습 가능합니다.
Single-pass detection: divides image into grid cells, each predicting bounding boxes and class probabilities simultaneously. Real-time speed with competitive accuracy. Foundation for YOLOv2–v8 variants widely used in maritime vessel detection.
🎨 GAN — Generative Adversarial Networks
cGAN (Conditional GAN) 2014
Generation conditioned on class labels or auxiliary information. Enables targeted output control.
💡 핵심 원리: Generator G(z|y)와 Discriminator D(x|y) 모두에 조건 정보 y를 입력. y는 클래스 레이블, 텍스트, 다른 이미지 등 어떤 형태든 가능. Pix2Pix(2017)의 이미지-이미지 변환 기반이 됩니다.
Deep Convolutional GAN — stable training via strided convolutions, BatchNorm, and LeakyReLU.
💡 핵심 원리: FC Layer 제거, Fractional-strided Conv으로 업샘플링, BatchNorm + LeakyReLU 조합으로 학습 안정화. GAN 훈련의 표준 레시피를 확립했으며 학습된 잠재 공간(latent space)이 의미 있는 방향(벡터 연산)을 가짐을 최초로 시연.
Style-based generator with AdaIN. Fine-grained control over image style at multiple scales.
💡 핵심 원리: Mapping Network z→w로 스타일 벡터 생성, AdaIN으로 각 레이어에 스타일 주입. 저해상도(구조)~고해상도(텍스처) 레이어에 서로 다른 스타일을 분리 제어 가능. StyleGAN2(2020)는 아티팩트 제거, StyleGAN3(2021)는 이미지 변환 등변성 개선.
CNN·GAN 중심에서 Transformer, Diffusion Model, NeRF/3DGS로 패러다임이 전환됐습니다. 2020년 이후 Computer Vision은 역사상 가장 빠른 속도로 진화하고 있습니다.
Wave 1
Transformer의 CV 침투 (2020~2022)
ViTVision Transformer[ICLR 2021]
이미지를 16×16 패치로 분할 후 각 패치를 토큰으로 취급, Transformer Encoder로 처리. CNN 귀납 편향(locality, translation equivariance) 없이 대규모 데이터에서 CNN을 능가.
💡 핵심 원리: 이미지 → N개 패치 → Linear projection → CLS 토큰 추가 → Positional embedding → Transformer Encoder → 분류. JFT-300M 등 초대규모 사전학습 필요. DeiT(2021)는 데이터 효율 훈련 증류로 이 문제를 해결했습니다.
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